Module 11 Programming Computer Concepts for End Users test bank

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1. Some software engineering activities overlap with the systems analysis and design activities.
a. True
b. False

2. Application programmers specialize in developing system software such as operating systems, device drivers, security modules, and communications software.
a. True
b. False

3. The process of planning a computer program begins with a problem statement that clearly defines the program’s purpose.
a. True
b. False

4. Programmers specify the actual solution in the problem statement.
a. True
b. False

5. Agile methodologies tend to be used for large software development projects involving more than ten developers, geographically dispersed development teams, and life-critical applications.
a. True
b. False

6. The core of a computer program is a sequence of instructions.
a. True
b. False

7. Programmers insert documentation called facts into the program code.
a. True
b. False

8. A low-level language uses command words and grammar based on human languages.
a. True
b. False

9. Third-generation languages added a level of abstraction to machine languages by substituting abbreviated command words for the strings of 1s and 0s used in machine languages.
a. True
b. False

10. Microprocessors only understand machine language, so there has to be some way to convert assembly language instructions into 1s and 0s.
a. True
b. False

11. When high-level languages were originally conceived in the 1950s, they were dubbed second-generation languages because they seemed a major improvement over machine and assembly languages.
a. True
b. False

12. An important characteristic of third-generation programming languages is that the source code can be written with simple tools, such as a word processor, and this code can be easily understood by programmers.
a. True
b. False

13. Prolog and other declarative languages were classified as fifth-generation languages.
a. True
b. False

14. An API is a set of application or operating system functions that programmers can add to the programs they create.
a. True
b. False

15. A programming language that supports the procedural paradigm is called a declarative language.
a. True
b. False

16. Algorithms are usually written in a format that is specific to a particular programming language.
a. True
b. False

17. Structured English is a subset of the English language with a limited selection of sentence structures that reflect processing activities.
a. True
b. False

18. An algorithm can be expressed or documented using pseudocode.
a. True
b. False

19. The GOTO command is rarely used by skilled programmers because it can lead to programs that are difficult to understand and maintain.
a. True
b. False

20. A simple example of a repetition control structure is the if…else command.
a. True
b. False

21. Procedural languages encourage programmers to approach problems by breaking down the solution into a series of steps.
a. True
b. False

22. The procedural approach is best used for problems that can be solved by following a step-by-step algorithm.
a. True
b. False

23. Programmers who work within the declarative paradigm envision a program as data objects that essentially network with each other to exchange data.
a. True
b. False

24. When taking the object-oriented approach to a problem, one of the first steps is to identify the objects that pertain to a solution.
a. True
b. False

25. A subclass is any class that inherits attributes from a superclass.
a. True
b. False

26. Generally speaking, in an object-oriented program, the objects don’t interact.
a. True
b. False

27. The declarative paradigm is fundamentally quite similar to the procedural paradigm.
a. True
b. False

28. Prolog programming is all about facts and rules.
a. True
b. False

29. In Prolog, facts can have no more than two arguments.
a. True
b. False

30. The facts in a Prolog program are useful even without any rules.
a. True
b. False

31. The order or sequence of rules in a Prolog program is usually critical.
a. True
b. False

32. As a general rule, declarative programming languages are most suitable for problems that pertain to words and concepts rather than to numbers.
a. True
b. False

33. Declarative languages are commonly used for production applications.
a. True
b. False

34. ____________ encompasses a broad set of activities that include planning, coding, testing, and documenting while a related activity, __________, is a development process that uses mathematical, engineering, and management techniques to reduce the cost and complexity of a computer program while increasing its reliability and modifiability.
a. Software engineering, computer programming

b. Computer programming, software engineering
c. Application programming, systems programming
d. Systems programming, application programming

35. The instructions that make up a computer program are sometimes referred to as __________.
a. statements
b. control
c. encapsulation
d. function

36. Which of the following is not a characteristic for a good problem statement?
a. It specifies any assumptions that define the scope of the problem.

b. It contains detailed descriptions of the processes and tools that need to be developed.
c. It clearly specifies the known information.

d. It specifies when the problem has been solved.

37. In a problem statement, you can limit complexity by making ____________.
a. objects

b. variables

c. constants

d. assumptions

38. The _____________ in a problem statement is the information that is supplied to the computer to help it solve a problem.
a. known information
b. assumption

c. algorithm

d. predicate

39. A(n) __________ is a factor that remains the same throughout a program.
a. algorithm
b. variable

c. object

d. constant

40. A(n) _________ provides programmers with tools to build substantial sections of a program by pointing and clicking rather than by typing lines of code.
a. repetition control structure
b. interpreter
c. VDE
d. superclass

41. A low-level language has a low level of ___________ because it includes commands specific to a particular CPU or microprocessor family.
a. flow control
b. abstraction
c. syntax

d. iteration

42. _______________, such as BASIC, Python, Java, Prolog, and C++, make the programming process easier by replacing unintelligible strings of 1s and 0s or cryptic assembly commands with understandable commands, such as PRINT and WRITE.
a. Low-level languages
b. High-level languages
c. First-generation languages
d. Multiparadigm languages

43. __________-generation languages, such as COBOL and Fortran, were used extensively for business and scientific applications.
a. First

b. Second
c. Third

d. Fourth

44. In 1969, computer scientists began to develop high-level languages, called ________-generation languages, which more closely resembled human languages.
a. second
b. third
c. fourth
d. none of the above

45. The human-readable version of a program created in a high-level language by a programmer is called __________.
a. source code

b. op code

c. object code

d. structured English

46. A(n) ___________ converts all the statements in a program in a single batch, and the resulting collection of instructions, called ________, is placed in a new file.
a. constant, variable

b. object code, compiler

c. compiler, object code
d. interpreter, compiler

47. Which of the following is a scripting language?
a. Ruby
b. Perl
c. PHP
d. All of the above

48. Which of the following is not a programming paradigm?
a. Declarative
b. Procedural
c. Object-oriented
d. Predictive

49. Which programming language is used for artificial intelligence applications and expert systems?
a. Prolog

b. COBOL

c. C++

d. Objective C

50. Which programming language is an interpreted language most commonly used for client-side Web scripting, such as animating page elements and validating input on HTML forms?
a. Prolog
b. Python
c. Java
d. Javascript

51. A(n) ____________ for a computer program is a set of steps that explains how to begin with known information specified in a problem statement and how to manipulate that information to arrive at a solution.
a. control

b. algorithm
c. syntax

d. parameter

52. A(n) _________ is a graphical representation of the way a computer should progress from one instruction to the next when it performs a task.
a. paradigm

b. flowchart

c. pseudocode
d. VDE

53. What is the term that refers to the sequence in which a computer executes program instructions?
a. Control structure
b. Flow control
c. Walkthrough
d. None of the above

54. A(n) _____________ changes the order in which instructions are carried out by directing the computer to execute a statement elsewhere in the program.
a. sequential execution
b. formal method
c. programming paradigm
d. sequence control structure

55. A(n) __________ is a section of code that is part of a program, but is not included in the main sequential execution path.
a. function
b. goto

c. method

d. iteration

56. A(n) ________________ tells a computer what to do based on whether a condition is true or false.
a. sequence control structure

b. selection control structure
c. repetition control structure
d. walkthrough

57. In a repetition control structure, the computer is directed to repeat one or more instructions until a certain condition is met. The section of code that repeats is usually referred to as a(n) ___________.
a. algorithm
b. compiler

c. iteration

d. rule

58. The ________________ paradigm is based on the idea that the solution for a problem can be visualized in terms of objects that interact with each other.
a. declarative

b. object-oriented

c. procedural

d. none of the above

59. A _____________ defines the characteristics of a set of objects.
a. class attribute
b. control structure
c. function
d. method

60. A __________ is available for use by any routine in the program, while a _______________ can be accessed only from the routine in which it is defined.
a. public attribute, class attribute
b. private attribute, class attribute
c. public attribute, private attribute
d. class attribute, public attribute

61. ___________ provides OO programs with easy extensibility and can help simplify program control structures.
a. Polymorphism
b. Inheritance

c. Encapsulation

d. Abstraction

62. In a Java program, the standard method in the execution path is called ______________.
a. algorithm
b. pseudocode
c. syntax
d. main()

63. Computer historians believe that ____________ was the first programming language to work with objects, classes, inheritance, and methods.
a. COBOL

b. SIMULA
c. Python

d. Java

64. _________________ refers to the process of hiding the internal details of objects and their methods.
a. Inheritance
b. Encapsulation
c. Assumption
d. Polymorphism

65. The _______________ paradigm describes aspects of a problem that lead to a solution.
a. procedural

b. declarative

c. object-oriented

d. none of the above

66. In Prolog, the __________ describes the relationship between the _________.
a. argument, predicates
b. predicate, rules
c. rule, arguments
d. predicate, arguments

67. Prolog allows you to ask open-ended questions by replacing constants with __________.
a. parameters
b. variables

c. functions

d. rules

68. Finding a value for a variable is referred to as ___________.
a. instantiation
b. abstraction

c. argument

d. inheritance

69. In the context of Prolog programming, a ________________ is a tabular method for visualizing and specifying rules based on multiple factors.
a. selection control structure
b. decision table
c. formal method
d. storyboard

70. A computer _____________ is a set of step-by-step statements that tell a computer how to carry out a task.
ANSWER: program

71. ____________ programmers specialize in developing system software such as operating systems, device drivers, security modules, and communications software.
ANSWER: Systems

72. _____________ programmers create productivity software such as Microsoft Office, as well as enterprise applications such as CRM and ERP.
ANSWER: Application

73. In the context of programming, a problem ____________ defines certain elements that must be manipulated to achieve a result or goal.
ANSWER: statement

74. Programmers sometimes start with a set of _____________ that simplify a problem.
ANSWER: assumptions

75. In a problem statement, a(n) ____________ is something you accept as true in order to proceed with program planning.
ANSWER: assumption

76. In a programming project, a(n) _____________ methodology requires extensive planning and documentation up front.
ANSWER: predictive

77. A(n) _________ methodology focuses on flexible development and specifications that evolve as a programming project progresses.
ANSWER: agile

78. Within the agile development framework, the process of developing each iteration of a program is called a(n) _________.
ANSWER: sprint

79. In a programming language, a(n) ______, or command, is a word with a predefined meaning.
ANSWER: keyword

80. Keywords can be combined with specific ____________, which provide more detailed instructions for the computer to carry out.
ANSWER: parameters

81. A(n) _________ represents a value that can change.
ANSWER: variable

82. The set of rules that specify the sequence of keywords, parameters, and punctuation in a program instruction is referred to as _______.
ANSWER: syntax

83. VDEs for mobile devices are based on a(n) ___________ that a programmer manipulates to design the user interface for an app.
ANSWER: storyboard

84. In the context of a VDE, a(n) ___________ is a screen-based object whose behavior can be defined by a programmer.
ANSWER: control

85. The process of finding and fixing errors in a computer program is called ____________.
ANSWER: debugging

86. ___________ programming is an approach to software development in which programmers anticipate what might go wrong as their programs run, and take steps to smoothly handle those situations.
ANSWER: Defensive

87. The _________ for an instruction specifies the data, or the address of the data, for the operation.
ANSWER: operand

88. Similar to a(n) ___________ language, an assembly language is classified as a low-level language because it is machine specific—each assembly language command corresponds on a one-to-one basis to a machine language instruction.
ANSWER: machine

89. A(n) ____ code is a command word for an operation, such as add, compare, or jump.
ANSWER: op

90. A(n) ___________ typically reads a program written in an assembly language, translates the program into machine language, and then submits the machine language program to the processor for execution.
ANSWER: assembler

91. Prolog and other __________ languages are sometimes classified as fifth-generation languages.
ANSWER: declarative

92. As an alternative to a compiler, a(n) ________ converts and executes one statement at a time while the program is running.
ANSWER: interpreter

93. A program must __________ without any errors before it can be run.
ANSWER: compile

94. The phrase programming _____________ refers to a way of conceptualizing and structuring the tasks a computer performs.
ANSWER: paradigm

95. A(n) ___________ is a collection of language-specific programming tools that enables a programmer to develop applications for a specific computer platform.
ANSWER: SDK

96. A(n) ________ is a type of SDK that packages a set of development tools into a sleek programming application.
ANSWER: IDE

97. ____________ paradigms are used to conceptualize the solution to a problem as a sequence of steps.
ANSWER: Procedural

98. A(n) ____________ is a set of steps for carrying out a task that can be written down and implemented.
ANSWER: algorithm

99. ____________ is a notational system for algorithms that is less formal than a programming language but more formal than simply jotting down notes.
ANSWER: Pseudocode

100. Before finalizing the algorithm for a computer program, you should perform a(n) __________ to verify that your algorithm works.
ANSWER: walkthrough

101. During ___________ execution, the first statement in the program is executed first, then the second statement, and so on, to the last statement in the program.
ANSWER: sequential

102. A(n) ____________ control structure directs the computer to repeat one or more statements until a certain condition is met.
ANSWER: repetition

103. The downside of the _____________ paradigm is that it does not fit gracefully with certain types of problems—those that are unstructured or those with very complex algorithms.
ANSWER: procedural

104. A(n) ___________ is a template for a group of objects with similar characteristics.
ANSWER: class

105. A class is defined by attributes and ________.
ANSWER: methods

106. A(n) __________ is any class from which attributes can be inherited.
ANSWER: superclass

107. A(n) ___________ is a segment of code that defines an action.
ANSWER: method

108. The ability to redefine a method in a subclass is referred to as ___________.
ANSWER: polymorphism

109. A method is activated by a(n) _________, which is included as a program statement.
ANSWER: message

110. __________ provided the foundation for the object-oriented paradigm.
ANSWER: SIMULA

111. _________ was officially launched in 1995 and has many of the characteristics of C++, from which it derives much of its syntax.
ANSWER: Java

112. Encapsulation refers to the process of hiding the internal details of objects and their ___________.
ANSWER: methods

113. The procedural paradigm focuses on an algorithm that describes a solution, whereas the _____________ paradigm focuses on describing the problem.
ANSWER: declarative

114. The ________ paradigm is most efficient for processing words and languages.
ANSWER: declarative

115. In the context of a Prolog program, a(n) __________ is a general statement about the relationship between facts.
ANSWER: rule

116. In Prolog programming, a(n) __________ represents one of the main subjects that a fact describes.
ANSWER: argument

117. In Prolog, the __________ describes the relationship between the arguments.
ANSWER: predicate

118. Each fact in a Prolog program is similar to a record in a database, but you can query a Prolog program’s database by asking a question, called a(n) _______ in Prolog jargon.
ANSWER: goal

119. Much of the power and flexibility of the _________ language stems from its ability to query facts by matching predicates, comparing constants, and instantiating variables.
ANSWER: Prolog

120. With just facts and goals, Prolog would be nothing more than a database, but the addition of _________ gives programmers a set of tools to manipulate the facts.
ANSWER: rules