Sexual orientation – Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity – Rathus – Chapter 9

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1) Sexual orientation is defined as an individual’s

1. erotic attraction and sexual activity with members of the same or other sex.
2. erotic attraction toward and romantic interest in members of the same or other sex.
3. sexual activity with members of the same or other sex.
4. preference for particular sexual activities with one’s own sex.

 

2) Many gay people object to the term “homosexual” because

1. it draws attention to sexual behaviour, bears a social stigma, and is ambiguous.
2. it is a derivative of the word “homophile” which focuses only on deviant sexual behaviour.
3. it is a term that is historically outdated.
4. it is clinical rather than humanistic term.

 

3) Which is true of most gays and lesbians?

1. Their gender identities are consistent with their anatomical genders.
2. They generally are uncomfortable with their anatomical gender.
3. They focus more on the sexual aspects of relationships than heterosexual couples.
4. Sexual activity, not romantic or erotic attraction, defines their sexual interests.

 

4) How do heterosexuals tend to perceive homosexual relationships?

1. Heterosexuals see them as remarkably similar to their own heterosexual relationships.
2. Heterosexuals focus mostly on the sexual aspects of homosexual relationships.
3. Heterosexuals focus on the emotional connection within homosexual relationships.
4. Heterosexuals tend to underestimate the time gays and lesbians spend in sexual activity.

 

5) Which of the following statements about sexual orientation is false?

1. While some people are exclusively gay or lesbian, and some are exclusively heterosexual, some fall in between.
2. Some gay and lesbian people engage in sex with members of the opposite sex.
3. A person who has sexual experiences with people of his or her own sex cannot, by definition, be heterosexual.
4. In the past it was common for gay and lesbian people to be in heterosexual marriages.

 

6) Chivers and Bailey’s findings suggest that

1. men’s sexual orientations are more flexible than women’s.
2. women’s sexual orientations are more flexible than men’s.
3. men’s and women’s sexual orientations are equally inflexible.
4. women’s and men’s sexual orientations are equally flexible.

 

7) Which of the following is evidence that sexual orientation is not necessarily expressed in sexual behaviour?

1. Some gay men and women have sex more often than their heterosexual counterparts.
2. Once released from prison, former inmates choose to have sex with other-gender partners.
3. Some people enjoy hugging others, regardless of others’ gender.
4. Some people remain celibate for religious reasons.

 

8) John fantasizes about sex with other men on a daily basis but occasionally he fantasizes about having sex with his wife Sarah with whom he rarely has sex. Where does John fit on the Kinsey Continuum?

1. 1
2. 2
3. 5
4. 6

 

9) Engaging in sexual activity with members of the same sex

1. does not mean an individual is a gay male or lesbian.
2. is indicative of gender dysphoria.
3. indicates a same-gender sexual orientation that is fixed.
4. will eventually alter sexual orientation.

 

10) According to Michael Storms, a person who is high in both heteroeroticism and homoeroticism may exhibit a

1. heterosexual orientation.
2. homosexual orientation but choose to participate in heterosexual activities.
3. predominantly homosexual orientation.
4. bisexual orientation.

 

11) According to the Storms model, a person who is low in heteroeroticism and low in homoeroticism is

1. homosexual.
2. asexual.
3. heterosexual.
4. bisexual.

 

12) In the Kinsey studies, what percent of male respondents were exclusively gay?

1. 1%
2. 4%
3. 10%
4. 22%

 

13) According to data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, what percentage of the population identified as either homosexual or bisexual?

1. 0.3% of men, 1.1% of women
2. 1.9% of men, 1.6% of women
3. 1.5% of men, 3.2% of women
4. 2.3% of men, 1.8% of women

 

14) Which statement is true about bisexuality?

1. Bisexual people use bisexuality as a cover for a gay male or lesbian sexual orientation.
2. Bisexual people face biphobia from both heterosexuals and homosexuals.
3. The vast majority of bisexual people are in heterosexual marriages.
4. Bisexuality is simply a form of sexual experimentation by predominantly heterosexuals.

 

15) Research suggests that asexual people

1. have low levels of testosterone and/or estrogen.
2. are typically not distressed by their lack of sexual attraction for other people.
3. have hypoactive sexual desire.
4. never engage in sexual behavior.

 

16) Most people who identify as Queer

1. view homosexuality as genetically superior to heterosexuality.
2. are lesbian or bisexual.
3. see the labels of gay, lesbian, and bisexual as too limiting.
4. recognize that their sexual orientation is problematic.

 

17) Two-spirited people are most likely to be part of which community?

1. disabled
2. bi-racial
3. Aboriginal
4. Armenian

 

18) Based on his own research, Savin-Williams concludes that most gay and lesbian teens are

1. over-sampled in health research.
2. psychologically healthy.
3. genetically predisposed to high risk behaviours.
4. above average in IQ.

 

19) The origins of the term “sodomy,” which generally refers to anal intercourse, can be traced to

1. the Kama Sutra.
2. the book of Genesis.
3. Caligula’s diary.
4. the book of Job.

 

20) Not all sex researchers accept Kinsey’s continuum because

1. there are too few markings along the continuum.
2. it is not founded on reliable data.
3. the true incidence of bisexuality is so small.
4. it makes more sense to be two-dimensional in order to display the actual responsiveness to stimulation of all included groups.

 

21) In Sambian culture, a ten-year-old boy is encouraged to engage in fellatio with an older male because

1. it teaches him how to give sexual pleasure.
2. he learns how older men delay ejaculation.
3. semen is believed to give rise to fierce manhood and is a sexual rite of passage.
4. it teaches him the dominance hierarchy in Sambian society.

 

22) Evolutionary theory suggests that gay and lesbian orientations may be rooted in reciprocal altruism. This means that

1. the genes that facilitate extreme aggression and homosexuality appear to be mutually exclusive.
2. strong male-male and female-female alliances can promote group survival.
3. gays and lesbians are likely to contribute disproportionately to the economic well-being of their communities.
4. gay and lesbian people are more likely to put themselves in harm’s way to protect their nieces and nephews.

 

23) Research has found evidence linking a gay male sexual orientation to

1. an extra thirteenth chromosome.
2. the X chromosome.
3. the interstitial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
4. prenatal exposure to excess estrogens.

 

24) In a carefully controlled study, if one identical twin was gay, the probability that the other identical twin was also gay was about

1. 10%.
2. 20%.
3. 50%.
4. 60%.

 

25) Vasey’s research on female Japanese macaques suggest that they are

1. heterosexual.
2. homosexual.
3. bisexual.
4. asexual.

 

26) Women with higher than average levels of testosterone are

1. more likely to be lesbian.
2. less likely to be lesbian.
3. more likely to have high levels of sexual desire.
4. less likely to have high levels of sexual desire.

 

27) With respect to the relationship between birth order and sexual orientation, research suggests that

1. birth order has no effect on sexual orientation.
2. a higher number of older sisters increases the likelihood that a male will be gay.
3. a higher number of older brothers increases the likelihood that a female will be lesbian.
4. a higher number of older brothers increases the likelihood that a male will be gay.

 

28) In a comprehensive review of research on the role of biology in determining sexual orientation, the authors concluded that

1. biological factors play a stronger role in determining sexual orientation in men compared to women.
2. biological factors play a stronger role in determining sexual orientation in women compared to men.
3. biological factors play little, if any, role in determining sexual orientation.
4. biological factors play equal roles in determining the sexual orientation of men and women.

 

29) Freud believed that a male develops a gay sexual orientation because he has failed to resolve his

1. Electra complex.
2. castration anxiety.
3. Oedipus complex.
4. super ego.

 

30) Problems with Freud’s theories of sexuality result from which of the following?

1. Freud’s theories are generally correct, but the problems stem from children not telling the truth about their sexual desires.
2. Many parents will not let their children be put through the rigorous psychoanalytical tests necessary to support Freud’s theories.
3. There are few, if any, problems with Freud’s theories of sexuality. They have withstood the test of time.
4. Because most of his theories relate to the subconscious level, they are difficult to study with current scientific methods.

 

31) Which of the following statements about learning theory and the development of sexual orientation is false?

1. Learning theorists have identified specific learning experiences that lead to the development of homosexuality.
2. According to learning theory, early experiences may play an important role in the development of sexual orientation.
3. According to learning theory, people learn to engage in sexual activity with members of the same sex if such experiences are pleasurable.
4. Learning theorists focus on the reinforcement of early patterns of sexual behaviour rather than on the resolution of unconscious conflicts.

 

32) Gender non-conformity refers to when a person does not conform to

1. heterosexual standards for desire.
2. gender-role stereotypes that are consistent with anatomic sex.
3. the tendency for gay, lesbian, and bisexual people to come out during the adolescent years.
4. analogous masculine or feminine roles within homosexual relationships.

 

33) According to an Angus Reid 2010 public opinion survey, what percentage of Canadians was in favour of same sex marriage?

1. 38%
2. 52%
3. 61%
4. 69%

 

34) Which of the following groups is most likely to express homophobic attitudes?

1. males who support traditional gender roles
2. middle-aged females of high socio-economic status
3. males who show zero sexual arousal when shown depictions of male–male sexual activity
4. female narcissists

 

35) Which of the following statements about LGBTQ youth in Canada is false?

1. Over half of LGBTQ youth report feeling unsafe at school.
2. Over half of LGBTQ youth report being physically assaulted at school because of their sexual orientation.
3. LGBTQ students attending schools with anti-homophobia policies are less likely to report being physically harassed.
4. LGBTQ youth are more likely than heterosexual youth to report having been sexually abused by a family member.

 

36) In 1969, amendments were made to the Canadian Criminal Code to

1. reduce the penalties for homosexual behaviour.
2. introduce age of consent for homosexual behaviour.
3. decriminalize anal sex.
4. decriminalize homosexuality

 

37) In what year did the Supreme Court of Canada rule that Parliament had the authority to redefine marriage to include same-sex couples?

1. 1997
2. 2001
3. 2007
4. 2011

 

38) Research has found that there is typically about a ____ -year gap between when a person becomes aware of their same sex attraction and when they disclose their sexual orientation to others.

1. 2
2. 5
3. 10
4. 15

 

39) Alderson’s (2003) ecological model of gay male identity describes ________ about being gay as being a key part of the movement toward identity development.

1. acceptance
2. denial
3. cognitive dissonance
4. perspective ambivalence

 

40) Some key issues related to sexual orientation that therapists need to be knowledgeable about include all of the following except

1. homophobia.
2. current sexual behaviours practiced in the gay and lesbian communities.
3. the “coming out” process.
4. the lack of conjugal role models.

 

41) An online survey found that when Canadian and U.S. fathers came out to their children, the majority of children

1. rejected their father permanently.
2. were more positive than expected.
3. already suspected and were not surprised.
4. initially rejected their father but later accepted him.

 

• 42) Do not modify the shaded cells.
• Click here for detailed authoring instructions and examples.
• To add more ‘Choices’, select the last row and use the Word Menu option Table -> Insert -> Rows Below.
• A score of 0 indicates an incorrect answer. A positive ‘Score’ indicates a correct answer.
• To Shuffle the order of choices, place an ‘X’ or ‘x’ next to the desired selection.
• To specify Bloom’s Taxonomy, place an ‘X’ or ‘x’ next to the desired selection.
• Fields in Red are mandatory

 

43) According to the textbook, gay and lesbian people are more likely to have mental health problems than heterosexual people because gay and lesbian people

1. are more likely to be addicted to drugs that cause personality disorders.
2. face various forms of societal oppression that heterosexuals do not.
3. tend to have relationships that are unstable.
4. are biologically predisposed to mental disorders.

 

44) Which of the following statements about Deborah Foster’s research on children raised in lesbian families is false?

1. They develop typical gender identities and gender roles.
2. They are more likely to develop egalitarian and empathic attitudes than children in heterosexual families.
3. They exhibit normal emotional development.
4. They are no more likely to be gay or lesbian than children in heterosexual families.

 

45) Sexual orientation refers to a person’s erotic attraction to members of the same sex.

1. True
2. False

 

46) Research has failed to find a connection between sexual orientation and differences in levels of male or female sex hormones in adulthood.

1. True
2. False

 

47) According to Freud, same-gender sexual orientation results from early childhood experiences with a “close-binding” father and a “detached-hostile” mother.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 228

Skill: Applied

 

48) Research suggests that sexual orientation is more flexible in men compared to women.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 217

Skill: Applied

 

49) Heterosexual people may have occasional homoerotic interests.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 217

Skill: Applied

 

50) According to the Storm’s model, a person who is high in homoeroticism and low in heteroerotocism is bisexual.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 219

Skill: Applied

 

51) Most researchers consider asexuality to be a mild form of sexual dysfunction.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 221

Skill: Applied

 

52) LGBTQ people who self-label as Queer are using the term in a self-affirming way.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 221

Skill: Applied

 

53) In some countries, people are still harshly punished or imprisoned for engaging in same-sex sexual behaviour.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 223

Skill: Applied

 

54) Research has found that the greater the number of older brothers a male has, the more likely he is to be gay.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 227

Skill: Applied

 

55) Gay men and lesbian women may engage in male-female activity while maintaining a gay sexual orientation.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 217

Skill: Applied

 

56) Gay youth who experience stigma related to their sexuality are likely to engage in high-risk sexual behaviour.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 237

Skill: Applied

 

57) Compare and contrast the Kinsey continuum of sexual orientation and Michael Storm’s two-dimensional model of sexual orientation.

 

Answer:

– The Kinsey continuum has two ends, one being gay and the other being heterosexual. People are placed along this line.

– Storm 2D model involves homo- and heteroeroticism that both gay and straight people can possess components of.

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 218-219

Skill: Conceptual

 

58) Discuss the various different classifications of sexual orientation that are currently used. Why is it important to move beyond the basic heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual classifications?

 

Answer:

– Three-category system leaves out many people such as questioning and asexual people.

– Three-category system is considered oppressive by some.

– It is hard to capture cultural variations in understanding sexual orientation.

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 221-222

Skill: Integrated

 

59) Explain Freud’s theory of sexual orientation in relation to homosexuality.

 

Answer:

– Psychoanalytic theory relies on the Oedipus complex.

– When a boy does not get over his castration anxiety (or a girl does not get over her penis envy), the child remains attached to the parent of the opposite sex and becomes like them.

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 228

Skill: Conceptual

 

60) Discuss the various aspects of coming out.

 

Answer:

– telling family and or friends about your sexual orientation

– risks to self (via homophobia) and family; loss of jobs and friends (and family)

– self-acceptance is important

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 234-236

Skill: Integrated

 

61) Discuss asexuality.

 

Answer:

– low sexual attraction to both sexes

– may be romantically attracted to others, just not homo- or heteroerotic to anyone

– can live happy lives

– definition may be limited

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 220-221

Skill: Integrated

 

62) Outline and discuss the potential role of biological factors in determining sexual orientation.

 

Answer:

– genetic (twin) studies

– brain structure research

– birth order research

– research suggesting biology has more impact on male sexual orientation compared to female

 

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 218-219

Skill: Conceptual