Contraception and abortion – Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity – Rathus – Chapter 11

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1) In the eighteenth century, condoms were made of

1. rubber.
2. linen.
3. animal intestines.
4. latex.

 

2) Women in Greek and Roman times attempted to prevent pregnancy by

1. using the rhythm method.
2. placing absorbent material in their vaginas.
3. ingesting herbal medicines.
4. Douching.

 

3) Canada’s first public health clinic to focus on family planning was opened in

1. Ottawa, Ontario.
2. Montreal, Quebec.
3. Scarborough, Ontario.
4. Vancouver, British Columbia.

 

4) Which of the following is true with regard to the history of birth control in Canada?

1. Birth control was illegal until the nineteenth century.
2. In 1902 it became legal to provide information about birth control.
3. The movement to legalize contraception began in the 1920s.
4. The first birth control clinic in Canada was established in 1965.

 

5) In 2009, a national survey of Canadian women found that the most widely used form of contraception was

1. the male condom.
2. oral contraceptives.
3. chemical spermicide.
4. the withdrawal method.

 

6) Contraception became legal in Canada in

1969. 1969.
1970. 1935.
1971. 1956.
1972. 1945.

 

7) According to a national survey (2009) of Canadian women, the three most popular methods of contraception are

1. male condom, oral contraceptives, IUD.
2. male condom, withdrawal, oral contraceptives.
3. oral contraceptives, IUD, withdrawal.
4. oral contraceptives, female condom, male condom.

 

8) Combination pills contain

1. estrogen and FSH.
2. progesterone and FSH.
3. estrogen and progesterone.
4. estrogen and prostaglandins.

 

9) The WHO has issued new guidelines regarding missed pills. A women who misses taking a pill should

1. take two at her next regular time.
2. take one as soon as possible, then continue taking one each day.
3. discontinue pill use and use condoms until her period.
4. take one and a half pills for two days, then resume her usual dosage.

 

10) With consistent correct use, which form of birth control is the least reliable?

1. withdrawal
2. IUD
3. cervical cap
4. spermicides

 

11) According to a 2005-2006 study of Canadian youth in Grade 10, the most popular form of birth control was

1. the birth control pill.
2. the condom.
3. the diaphragm.
4. withdrawal.

 

12) Combination birth control pills work by

1. preventing the production of estrogen.
2. preventing the production of progesterone and thus ovulation.
3. preventing a fertilized egg from implanting in the fallopian tubes.
4. preventing the release of FSH and LH.

 

13) The progestin in combination pills

1. inhibits the production of LH and increases the thickness and acidity of cervical mucus.
2. inhibits the production of FSH.
3. decreases the thickness and acidity of cervical mucus.
4. inhibits the production of both FSH and LH.

 

14) Progestin in the combination pill

1. lowers estrogen levels.
2. increases the thickness and acidity of the cervical mucus.
3. delays ovulation.
4. increases progesterone levels.

15) As well as thickening the cervical mucus, the minipill also

1. makes the fallopian tubes too acidic for an egg.
2. suppresses ovulation.
3. makes the inner lining of the uterus less receptive to a fertilized egg.
4. increases progesterone levels.

 

16) Which statement is true regarding the minipill?

1. It is taken for 21 days of the menstrual cycle.
2. It is taken daily throughout the menstrual cycle.
3. It is discontinued once menstruation starts.
4. It is taken for 28 days, then discontinued for 7 days.

 

17) Which statement is true regarding the failure rate of the birth control pill?

1. The pill is 100% effective for all users.
2. With typical use, the pill has a failure rate of 3%.
3. With consistent, correct use, the pill has a failure rate of 3%.
4. With typical use, the pill has a failure rate of .1%.

 

18) After stopping the use of oral contraceptives, nearly all women begin ovulating regularly within

1. three weeks.
2. three months.
3. six months.
4. one year.

 

19) Which of the following statements is not true regarding the contraceptive pill?

1. The pill should not be taken by women with a history of circulatory problems or stroke.
2. The pill helps to reduce the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
3. The pill helps to protect women against STIs.
4. Some users report increased feelings of depression and irritability.

 

20) Physicians may prescribe the pill for conditions not related to pregnancy prevention. Which of the following conditions would the pill not be prescribed to address?

1. menstrual difficulties
2. facial acne
3. iron-deficiency anemia
4. depression

 

21) Of the following, which is not noted to be a benefit of oral contraceptive use?

1. reduction in the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease
2. reduction in the risk of benign ovarian cysts
3. reduction in facial acne
4. reduction in high blood pressure

 

22) With combination pills, estrogen can increase a woman’s weight by causing

1. fluid retention.
2. an increase in appetite.
3. the development of more muscle mass.
4. a slower metabolism.

 

23) In Canada, the morning-after pill

1. is currently available without a prescription.
2. is illegal.
3. is available with a prescription from a physician.
4. is kept behind the counter at pharmacies.

 

24) Emergency contraception is most effective when taken within ____ of unprotected intercourse.

1. 24 hours
2. 36 hours
3. 72 hours
4. 12 hours

 

25) Which of the following is not caused by progestin in the combination pill?

1. increased muscle mass
2. increased appetite
3. water retention
4. weight gain

 

26) A common side effect of emergency contraception is

1. vaginal bleeding
2. nausea
3. high blood pressure
4. infertility

 

27) The morning-after pill

1. has a lower hormone content than most birth-control pills.
2. in some cases is recommended as a regular form of birth control.
3. has a higher hormone content than most birth-control pills.
4. prevents the ovum from passing through the fallopian tube.

 

28) IUDs are approximately ___ % effective.

1. 60
2. 99
3. 75
4. 85

 

29) Depo-Provera is

1. a contraceptive vaginal ring.
2. a contraceptive patch.
3. an injectable hormone solution.
4. an emergency contraceptive pill.

 

30) After removal of an IUD, about 90% of women who wish to become pregnant may do so within

1. six months
2. nine months
3. 18 months
4. one year

 

31) What approximate percentage of sexually active women in Canada use IUDs?

1. 1%
2. 5%
3. 10%
4. 25%

 

32) Research has shown that the IUD prevents pregnancy

1. by irritating the uterine lining.
2. by stimulating the immune system to create antibodies against sperm.
3. by preventing implantation of a fertilized ovum.
4. through some mechanism that isn’t entirely clear.

 

33) What is a potential problem with the use of most IUDs?

1. They can cause excessive menstrual cramping.
2. They can increase blood pressure.
3. They can fall out during athletic activities.
4. They can cause a mucous discharge.

 

34) What is not an advantage of IUDs?

1. They increase the occurrence of PID.
2. They are highly effective.
3. They do not diminish sexual spontaneity.
4. They are relatively maintenance free.

 

35) Research suggests that women who use the IUD have an increased risk of

1. pelvic inflammatory disease.
2. hormonal imbalances.
3. toxic shock syndrome.
4. uterine cancer.

 

36) PID can produce scar tissue that blocks the fallopian tubes, causing

1. cancer.
2. infertility.
3. infection.
4. bloating.

 

37) Jessica had a bout of gonorrhea a few years ago which was successfully treated. She is considering birth control. Which method should she avoid?

1. IUD
2. diaphragm
3. oral contraceptive
4. spermicides

 

38) The diaphragm’s main function is to

1. prevent sperm from reaching the uterus.
2. alter the acidity in the vagina.
3. thicken the cervical mucus.
4. prevent implantation of a fertilized egg.

 

39) Marcus and Vanessa have planned a romantic evening of dinner and dancing. In preparation for the fact that they will make love later in the evening, Vanessa inserts her diaphragm and spermicide before leaving the house at seven. After dancing, she expects to arrive at home with Marcus around midnight. What should Vanessa know?

1. Dancing might dislodge the diaphragm.
2. Her spermicide is only effective for two hours after she inserts it.
3. The diaphragm should be inserted just before intercourse.
4. It is unnecessary to use spermicide.

 

40) What is not true about diaphragms?

1. They are available by prescription.
2. They can be inserted up to six hours before intercourse.
3. They are made of thin latex rubber.
4. They come in different sizes.

 

41) How long must a diaphragm be kept in place after intercourse?

1. one hour
2. three hours
3. five hours
4. six hours

 

42) In typical use, the failure rate of the diaphragm is about

1. 18%.
2. 25%.
3. 10%.
4. 6%.

 

43) Spermicidal suppositories should be inserted

1. about three hours before intercourse.
2. about two hours before intercourse.
3. no more than an hour before intercourse.
4. no less than 10–15 minutes before intercourse.

 

44) Research has shown that spermicides containing nonoxynol-9

1. increase susceptibility to HIV infection.
2. reduce susceptibility to HIV infection.
3. provide protection against STIs.
4. increase susceptibility to chlamydia infection.

 

45) Unlike the diaphragm, the cervical cap

1. fits over the cervix.
2. must be used with spermicide.
3. must be fitted by a health care professional.
4. provides continuous protection for 48 hours, without the need for additional spermicide.

 

46) Studies show that the primary reason Canadians use condoms is

1. because they are inexpensive and readily available.
2. to prevent pregnancy.
3. to protect against STIs.
4. because many people are too embarrassed to see a physician for birth control pills.

 

47) Hendrick is considering becoming sexually active. He wants to use condoms to protect against the possibility of contracting an STI or HIV. Which type of condom should he use?

1. He should only use condoms made from the intestinal membranes of lambs.
2. He should only use condoms made of latex.
3. His partner can use the female condom.
4. All types of condoms will protect from STI and HIV.

 

48) Of the following lubricants, which is safe to use with a condom?

1. baby oil
2. Vaseline
3. K-Y jelly
4. hand lotion

 

49) For maximum protection from pregnancy, partners using condoms should

1. never carry the condom in a pocket or wallet.
2. combine condom use with a spermicide.
3. never open the condom package until ready to use.
4. never use scissors or teeth to open a condom package.

 

50) The primary reason Canadian women learn fertility awareness methods of birth control is

1. due to embarrassment using other forms of birth control.
2. because they are inexpensive.
3. because they are natural methods with no side effects.
4. due to latex allergies.

 

51) According to the cervical mucus (ovulation) method of birth control, women are most fertile

1. when mucus is slippery and stringy.
2. when mucus is thick and sticky.
3. when there is no mucus present.
4. when mucus is white and cloudy.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 286-287

Skill: Recall

 

52) On which days is intercourse avoided with the calendar method?

1. days 1-13 of the menstrual cycle
2. days 5-14 of the menstrual cycle
3. days 14-21 of the menstrual cycle
4. days 10-17 of the menstrual cycle

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 286

Skill: Recall

 

53) Most women who follow the calendar method need to abstain from coitus for at least

1. five days.
2. 10 days.
3. seven days.
4. 13 days.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 286

Skill: Recall

 

54) In the menstrual cycle, basal body temperature

1. rises just prior to ovulation and then falls three days after ovulation.
2. dips slightly just before ovulation and remains slightly lower until menstruation.
3. dips slightly just before ovulation and then rises and remains elevated until menstruation.
4. rises just before ovulation, remains elevated through ovulation, and then drops slightly until menstruation.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 286

Skill: Recall

 

55) The ovulation-prediction method of contraception

1. is the same as the withdrawal method.
2. tracks LH levels.
3. is very ineffective.
4. relies on awareness of bodily changes during a woman’s cycle.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 287

Skill: Recall

 

56) After ovulation, cervical mucus becomes

1. cloudy and tacky.
2. thick and white.
3. thick and yellow.
4. slippery and white.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 287

Skill: Recall

 

57) In withdrawal, the estimated first-year failure rate in typical use is about

1. 50%.
2. 40%.
3. 35%.
4. 20%.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 285

Skill: Recall

 

58) Besides abstinence, which is the most effective form of contraception?

1. condoms
2. sterilization
3. withdrawal
4. diaphragms

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 287

Skill: Recall

 

59) In a 2009 survey of Canadian women of reproductive age, _____ of women reported that they had used no form of contraception within the last six months.

1. 5%
2. 14%
3. 20%
4. 32%

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 272

Skill: Recall

 

60) Which of the following statements regarding vasectomy is false?

1. Sperm is no longer produced by the testes.
2. Sex drive is not diminished.
3. Volume of ejaculate is not noticeably reduced.
4. Erectile function is not affected.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 288

Skill: Recall

 

61) In a vasectomy,

1. each vas deferens is severed.
2. each epididymus is severed.
3. the seminiferous tubules are tied shut.
4. the seminal vesicles are tied shut.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 287-288

Skill: Recall

 

62) Studies show that men who had vasectomies can reverse them with a success rate of

1. 10%.
2. 10%-16%.
3. 16%-79%.
4. 80%.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 288

Skill: Recall

 

63) Female sterilization involves

1. the removal of the uterus and ovaries.
2. the removal of the fallopian tubes.
3. cutting and tying the fallopian tubes.
4. cutting the fallopian tubes and removing the uterus.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 289

Skill: Recall

 

64) Which of the following statements regarding female sterilization is false?

1. Unfertilized eggs are reabsorbed by the body.
2. Sexual response is not diminished.
3. Menstrual cycle is not affected.
4. Eggs are no longer produced.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 289

Skill: Recall

 

65) Which of the following is not an acceptable form of female sterilization?

1. minilaparotomy
2. tubal ligation
3. culpotomy
4. hysterectomy

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 288-289

Skill: Recall

 

66) Which is not true about cervical caps?

1. They are smaller than a diaphragm.
2. They provide continuous protection for nearly 48 hours.
3. They are intended to be used with a spermicide.
4. They are available without a prescription.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 281

Skill: Recall

 

67) Sterilization is more common among men and women who are

1. single.
2. married.
3. 40 and over.
4. childless.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 287

Skill: Recall

 

68) Depo-Provera

1. is available without a prescription at the pharmacy.
2. provides up to eight years of protection.
3. contains progestin only.
4. increases bone density.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 279

Skill: Applied

 

69) A woman using Depo-Provera must receive an injection

1. every month.
2. every six months.
3. every three months.
4. once a year.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 279

Skill: Recall

 

70) Nina is concerned about the effectiveness of Depo-Provera as a contraceptive device. What should you tell Nina about the failure rate?

1. The failure rate is similar to that of the diaphragm.
2. The failure rate is only about 7%.
3. The failure rate is lower than the IUD but higher than oral contraceptives.
4. The failure rate is similar to oral contraceptives.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 279

Skill: Applied

 

71) In contrast to the diaphragm, the cervical cap

1. is larger and does not require the use of a spermicide.
2. is smaller and can provide protection for up to 48 hours.
3. is less likely to dislodge during intercourse.
4. has a much lower typical use failure rate.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 281

Skill: Recall

 

72) The female condom is made of

1. latex.
2. polyurethane.
3. silicone.
4. lamb skin.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 285

Skill: Recall

 

73) Which is not a form of contraception?

1. hormonal method
2. vaginal ring
3. douching
4. withdrawal

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 285

Skill: Recall

 

74) Douching after intercourse might

1. actually propel sperm toward the uterus.
2. decrease the chance of pregnancy by about 85%.
3. restore the natural chemical balance of the vagina.
4. decrease the risk of contracting an STI or HIV.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 285

Skill: Applied

 

75) Which of the following holds promise as a contraceptive?

1. Lrh1 gene manipulation
2. sildenifil
3. inhibin
4. small doses of testosterone

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 291

Skill: Recall

 

76) Which method of contraception provides the best protection against STIs?

1. female condom
2. male condom
3. cervical cap
4. spermicides

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 275

Skill: Applied

 

77) Which statement is true regarding the history of abortion?

1. The Bible specifically prohibits abortion.
2. In Canada, the abortion law restricts abortion under certain conditions.
3. In Canada, abortion was legalized in 1960.
4. Abortion was illegal in Canada until 1969.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 291-293

Skill: Applied

 

78) With regard to abortion statistics in Canada, which of the following is true?

1. The majority of abortions are performed in clinics.
2. The majority of abortions are performed in hospitals.
3. All abortions must be reported to provincial or territorial ministries of health.
4. Comprehensive abortion statistics are available annually.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 293

Skill: Applied

 

79) The highest induced abortion rate for Canadian women is for those aged

19. 15–19.
20. 20–24.
21. 35–39.
22. 30–34.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 294

Skill: Recall

 

80) Which of the following is true regarding abortion in Canada?

1. Abortion is available to varying degrees in all provinces.
2. According to 2005 statistics, Ontario has the highest induced abortion rate in Canada.
3. Induced abortions are most common in women under the age of 20.
4. The induced abortion rate has fallen for women in all age groups except those aged 35–39.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 294

Skill: Applied

 

81) Which of the following abortion methods does not require general anesthesia?

1. vacuum aspiration
2. hysterectomy
3. dilation and curettage
4. dilation and evacuation

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 295

Skill: Recall

 

82) The safest and most common method of abortion is

1. dilation and curettage.
2. vacuum aspiration.
3. dilation and evacuation.
4. intra-amniotic infusion.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 295

Skill: Recall

 

83) The abortion method most commonly used in the second trimester is

1. vacuum aspiration.
2. dilation and curettage.
3. dilation and evacuation.
4. hysterectomy.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 295

Skill: Recall

 

84) According to a survey of 882 women, which statement is true regarding their post-abortion experiences?

1. The majority regretted their decision.
2. Many reported increased feelings of depression.
3. Eighty percent reported that they were not depressed after their abortion.
4. The majority would not make the same decision if they had to do it over.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 296

Skill: Recall

 

85) In the drug RU-486, mifepristone is a chemical that induces abortion by

1. dramatically reducing estrogen levels.
2. blocking the effects of progesterone.
3. stimulating the release of luteinizing hormone.
4. augmenting the effects of progesterone.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 295

Skill: Recall

 

86) The abortion pill has not yet been introduced in Canada because

1. of opposition by pro-life groups.
2. of the high cost of the pill.
3. other methods of abortion are safer.
4. the Food and Drug Administration has not yet endorsed it as safe and effective.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 295

Skill: Recall

 

87) Match the description of each of these contraceptive methods with the appropriate name.

 

88) Condoms made from animal intestines are effective at preventing the transfer of STIs between partners.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 282

Skill: Applied

 

89) The estrogen in combination pills prohibits the pituitary gland’s secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH).

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 274

Skill: Applied

 

90) The minipill contains synthetic progesterone only.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 274

Skill: Applied

 

91) Many women have avoided using birth control pills because of the risk of blood clots.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 277

Skill: Applied

 

92) Plan B ends an established pregnancy.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 277

Skill: Applied

 

93) IUDs can cause increased menstrual cramping.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 280

Skill: Applied

 

94) The diaphragm has almost a perfect record for contraception, with just under a 2% pregnancy rate among users.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 280

Skill: Applied

 

95) Spermicides occasionally cause penile or vaginal irritation.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 282

Skill: Applied

 

96) A condom should only be removed after an erection has subsided.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 284

Skill: Recall

 

97) The Calendar Method works best for women who have very regular menstrual cycles.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 286

Skill: Applied

 

98) Severe complications are reported by more than 10% of men who have had vasectomies.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 288

Skill: Applied

 

99) Vasectomy does not diminish sex drive or result in any change in sexual arousal, erectile or ejaculatory ability, or sensations of ejaculation.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 288

Skill: Applied

 

100) Vasectomies are absolutely irreversible.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 288

Skill: Applied

 

101) In culpotomy, the fallopian tubes are approached through an incision just below the navel.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 289

Skill: Applied

 

102) Use of Depo-Provera has been linked to osteoporosis, a condition involving bone loss that can cause bones to become brittle.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 279

Skill: Applied

 

103) The cervical cap should be kept in place for at least eight hours after intercourse.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 21

Type: TF

Page Reference: 281

Skill: Applied

 

104) Douching can be an effective method of contraception after coitus.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 285

Skill: Applied

 

105) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of oral contraceptives.

 

Answer:

– side effects may include vomiting, weight gain, breast tenderness, headaches

– no protection against STIs; not recommended for women with certain pre-existing health conditions (e.g., high blood pressure, migraines, diabetes, uterine fibroids)

– increased risk of cardiovascular problems, blood clots; minipills may cause vaginal dryness

– some research links pill use and cervical cancer

– nearly 100% effective; reduces risk of PID; allows for sexual spontaneity

– regularizes menstrual cycles, reduces cramping

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 287-290

Skill: Integrated

 

106) What are some of the criteria you would use to choose a method of contraception? What method of contraception best meets your criteria?

 

Answer:

– some issues to consider: availability/accessibility,  cost,  ease of use,  spontaneity, side effects, female/male controlled

 

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 274-290

Skill: Conceptual

 

107) Explain how to properly use and store condoms.

 

Answer:

– leave space at the tip (no air though), put on while erect, put to base, remove from female while erect, do not tear

– do not store in hot places, do not use if cracked, discolored, smelly, ripped, etc.

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 284

Skill: Integrated

 

108) Explain how the calendar method, basal body temperature, and cervical mucus check can be combined for effective natural family planning.

 

Answer:

– Calendar method uses the days of the cycle to determine when ovulation is occurring.

– BBT uses the temperature drop then rise that occurs at ovulation to show ovulation

– cervical mucus check uses the change from clear and slippery back to white and thicker to show ovulation

– used together to double check/confirm ovulation state

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 285-287

Skill: Integrated

 

109) Discuss the emergency contraception pill and make a statement about whether pharmacists should regulate its use.

 

Answer:

– The pill is high dose hormones and is effective up to 72 hours after intercourse (sometimes up to 160 hours); prevents the joining of sperm and egg and prevents the fertilized egg from attaching to the uterine wall.

– Some versions need two doses.

– It is available in the pharmacy without regulation.

– It should be regulated to prevent people using it as birth control, or young people using it without having proper counselling on safe sex .

– It should not be regulated because it is the woman’s right to decide what form of contraception she uses; can help prevent unwanted pregnancies among teens and women who have been sexually abused.

– It is a female-controlled form of birth control.

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 277-278

Skill: Conceptual

 

110) Outline the various abortion methods that are available in Canada and other countries.

 

Answer:

– vacuum aspiration: painless, no anaesthesia needed; first trimester

– dilation and evacuation: secondd trimester; general anaesthesia required

– RU-86: not approved in Canada; induces early abortion

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 294-295

Skill: Conceptual

 

111) Discuss some of the possible psychological consequences of abortion.

 

Answer:

– Most don’t regret it, many would make the same decision again.

– It can include a range of negative emotions: fear, anger, guilt, ambivalence.

– The sooner the abortion occurs, the less stressful it is for the woman.

Feedback: – In one study, 80% of women did not feel depressed after having an abortion.

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 295-296

Skill: Conceptual

 

112) Summarize the history of abortion in Canada.

 

Answer:

– not legal until 1969 in Canada

– Canadian society divided on this issue

– Dr. Morgentaler established abortion private clinics beginning in 1969

– Supreme Court of Canada overturned abortion law in 1988

– New Brunswick restricts access and does not pay for abortions in private clinics; only 16% of hospitals in 2007 provide abortion services; access in rural areas and northern regions restricted; no access in PEI

– 2010: Canadian government under Harper won’t allow funding for international  projects that support abortion services

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 292-293

Skill: Conceptual

 

113) If you were in a situation wherein you were about to have intercourse with a new partner, and you only had a female condom or the use of a morning-after pill, what would you do, and why?

 

Answer:

– EC: effective, simple, can enjoy sex regardless; risk of STI ; high dose of hormones; chemical intervention; nausea is a possible side effect

– female condom: awkward, high risk of pregnancy and STI (although STI risk lower than with EC); female controlled form of birth control; no side effects

– I would choose…

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 277-278, 285

Skill: application