Commercial Sex – Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity – Rathus – Chapter 17

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1) In Canada, procuring and living off the avails of prostitution is

1. legal in all provinces and territories.
2. illegal in all provinces and territories.
3. illegal in all provinces and territories except Quebec and Ontario.
4. legal in all provinces and territories except Prince Edward Island.

 

2) Prostitution can be traced as far back as

1. Victorian England.
2. ancient Greece.
3. ancient Mesopotamia.
4. the Middle Ages.

 

3) Throughout recorded history, the major motive for prostitution has been

1. economic.
2. sexual pleasure.
3. the procurement of drugs.
4. unusual sexual acts.

 

4) Which statement is true about prostitution in Canada?

1. Prostitution is illegal everywhere in Canada.
2. Prostitution is often referred to as “Canada’s newest profession.”
3. Prostitution is legal in Quebec only in province-licensed brothels.
4. Prostitution itself has never been illegal in Canada.

 

5) In recent years, _______________ has become a more preferred term for “prostitute.”

1. “street walker”
2. “sex worker”
3. “escort”
4. “working girl”

 

6) Most criminal charges relating to prostitution in Canada are for

1. communicating.
2. procuring.
3. soliciting.
4. dealing.

 

7) What percentage of Canadians believes that adults should be free to engage in consensual prostitution?

1. 25%
2. 50%
3. 66%
4. 75%

 

8) In the business of sex work, “John” refers to

1. a pimp.
2. a customer.
3. a gigolo.
4. a hustler.

 

9) What is a common method used by police to stop prostitution?

1. citizen complaints
2. walking the streets and arresting all women who are appear to be sex workers
3. letting businesses register, and then closing them down for illegal business
4. entrapment

 

10) In 2010, the Canadian prostitution laws were challenged by

1. sex workers and legal experts in Ontario and British Columbia
2. far-right religious groups
3. public health experts
4. a coalition of sexual assault centres across Canada

 

11) A 2009 Angus Reid poll found that _____ of Canadians believed that prostitution should be entirely prohibited.

1. 10 %
2. 25%
3. 50%
4. 60%

 

12) In the hierarchy of sex work, the workers with the least status are the

1. escorts.
2. streetwalkers.
3. brothel workers.
4. massage parlour workers.

 

13) Sex workers who generally work on their own and charge the most for their services are known as

1. “escorts.”
2. “streetwalkers.”
3. “call girls.”
4. “brothel workers.”

 

14) What type of sex worker earns the lowest income?

1. call girl
2. streetwalker
3. escort service worker
4. massage parlour worker

 

15) In a study (2011) of street-based sex workers in Vancouver, approximately what percentage reported that they had experienced violence from clients, pimps, or other sex workers?

1. 85%
2. 72%
3. 55%
4. 98%

 

16) Robert Pickton from British Columbia was sentenced to prison for at least 25 years because of

1. soliciting a prostitute.
2. living off the avails of prostitution.
3. murdering several streetwalkers.
4. beating several call girls.

 

17) Pimps do not provide streetwalkers with

1. protection.
2. bail.
3. room and board.
4. a salary.

 

18) A pimp’s typical cut from a streetwalker’s earnings is

1. 90%.
2. 50%.
3. 35%.
4. 20%.

19) Today, the brothel has largely been replaced by

1. cat houses.
2. streetwalkers.
3. massage parlours.
4. bar prostitutes.

 

20) Prostitutes who work for escort services typically come from

1. backgrounds involving physical or sexual abuse.
2. lower income families with little education.
3. well-educated, middle-class backgrounds.
4. upper income backgrounds with a history of sexual abuse.

 

21) In the hierarchy of sex work, those with the highest status are known as

1. call girls.
2. hotel prostitutes.
3. bar prostitutes.
4. brothel workers.

 

22) According to research (2006), approximately ______ of Canadian sex workers conduct their business transactions on the street.

1. 20%
2. 50%
3. 10%
4. 60%

 

23) Which type of prostitute is generally well-educated, provides conversation and companionship, and generally accompanies her client on “dates”?

1. streetwalker
2. call girl
3. hotel prostitute
4. brothel prostitute

 

24) Canadian researchers argue that the safety and well-being of sex workers would be enhanced by policies that focus on

1. occupational health and safety, rights, and services.
2. compulsory testing for STIs.
3. greater penalties for men who solicit sex.
4. licensing of brothels.

 

25) New Zealand’s approach to prostitution is known for

1. its harm reduction and labour rights framework.
2. its success in reducing violence against streetwalkers.
3. its strict stand against the legalization of prostitution.
4. its endorsement of licensed brothels.

 

26) In Canada, many initiates into prostitution are

1. university students.
2. addicted to drugs.
3. teenage runaways.
4. mentally unstable.

 

27) Maggie’s, a Toronto based organization, is

1. a school for Johns, run by former sex workers.
2. a hospice for sex workers with AIDS.
3. a peer-education project run by sex workers.
4. a support group for sex workers with addictions.

 

28) Two factors that figure prominently in the backgrounds of many sex workers are

1. poverty and promiscuity.
2. drug abuse and teen pregnancy.
3. poverty and sexual/physical abuse.
4. sexual/physical abuse and low self-esteem.

 

29) “Kept boys”

1. are male prostitutes who cater to older women.
2. are male prostitutes who have intercourse before the age of 14.
3. have relationships with older “sugar daddies.”
4. are prison inmates who are sexually abused by older inmates.

 

30) “Habitual” Johns use prostitutes

1. as their major or exclusive sexual outlet.
2. because they desire novelty or sexual variety.
3. to satisfy specific fetishes.
4. because they lack social skills.

 

31) Men who pay female sex workers

1. come from lower income backgrounds.
2. represent all socioeconomic backgrounds.
3. have troubled marriages.
4. are socially inept and unable to establish lasting relationships.

 

32) Which of the following is not a common motive for using prostitution?

1. sex for eroticism and variety
2. difficulty attracting a partner
3. sex without negotiation
4. sex for emotional commitment

 

33) Which of the following is not a reason cited in the text for using a prostitute?

1. You can have sex without negotiation.
2. You can test your sexual identity.
3. You can obtain sexual variety.
4. You can have sex without commitment.

 

34) Who of the following is not a typical client of prostitutes?

1. men who travel frequently on business or who are from out of town
2. men who are lonely
3. men who want to humiliate their wives or retaliate against them
4. men who have no other sexual outlets due to disability or impairment

 

35) Which of the following statements does not reflect the findings from a survey of Vancouver men arrested for soliciting?

1. They ranged in age from 18 to 92 years.
2. More than half were married or in serious relationships.
3. Many exhibited deviant sexual tendencies and higher than average sex drives.
4. Incomes, education, and ethnic backgrounds were similar to the general Vancouver population.

 

36) Most male prostitutes service

1. older, wealthy women.
2. gay men.
3. married men who want to experiment with gay sex.
4. bisexual men.

 

37) What male sex worker has the lowest status in the male sex trade?

1. punks
2. bar hustlers
3. drag prostitutes
4. kept boys

 

38) “Punks” are

1. heterosexual men posing as gay hustlers.
2. gay men.
3. male versions of call girls.
4. prison inmates receiving protection or goods for sex.

 

39) Male prostitution is described in the text as

1. a relatively rare occurrence.
2. a dangerous enterprise.
3. an illegal activity.
4. an adolescent enterprise.

 

40) Studies have shown that female sex workers were at greatest risk of STI infection from sex with

1. younger clients.
2. Johns.
3. older clients.
4. non-clients.

 

41) SEM stands for

1. sexually exposing material.
2. sexually explicit movies.
3. sexually erotic material.
4. sexually explicit material.

 

42) Julian is a “kept boy.” In the culture of male prostitution, what does this mean?

1. He has an older male client who serves in a parental role and keeps him economically secure.
2. He works through an agency or escort service that serves wealthy clients.
3. He is a prison inmate who is used for sex and rewarded with protection from other inmates.
4. He is a streetwalker who frequents districts where men search for homosexual sex.

 

43) “Prurient” means

1. pure.
2. tending to excite lust; lewd.
3. pornographic.
4. erotic.

 

44) Which of the following is not one of the main positions on sexually explicit material identified in the pornography debates?

1. obscenity-based approach
2. liberal position
3. religious-based approach
4. pro-pornography feminist approach

 

45) Which of the following is not a reason that feminists oppose pornography?

1. Pornography portrays women as objects.
2. Pornography presents women in dehumanizing ways.
3. Pornography promotes gender inequality.
4. Pornography challenges sexual stereotypes.

 

46) In defining pornography as “writing, pictures, etc., intended to arouse desire,” the most problematic word is

1. “desire.”
2. “intended.”
3. “arouse.”
4. “writing.”

 

47) Something that offends community standards is

1. an obscenity.
2. pornographic.
3. erotica.
4. hard core SEM.

 

48) Legislative bodies usually write laws about ________ rather than pornography.

1. obscenity
2. prostitution
3. erotica
4. SEM

49) SEM is defined as

1. “written, visual, or audiotaped material that is graphic and produced for purposes of eliciting sexual arousal.”
2. “written material that is graphic and produced for purposes of eliciting prurient interest.”
3. “visual material that is erotic but not considered obscene.”
4. “material that does not fall within the obscenity laws of Canada but is often viewed negatively by the public.”

 

50) In Canada, an obscene publication is any publication in which the dominant characteristic is the undue exploitation of

1. children.
2. violence.
3. sex.
4. women.

 

51) Erotica is generally defined as

1. “any literary or visual depiction that is obscene.”
2. “any literary or visual depiction that is sexually explicit.”
3. “sexually explicit material that doesn’t involve the degradation of women.”
4. “any literary or visual depiction intended to arouse sexual desire.”

 

52) In Canada, censorship and/or classification of films is

1. a federal responsibility.
2. a provincial responsibility.
3. a regional responsibility.
4. discussed and addressed on an individual basis.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 485

Skill: Recall

 

53) In 2005, legislation was passed to narrow the defence allowed for individuals accused of possessing child pornography. The accused must prove that they were using the material for legitimate purposes related to the administration of all of the following except

1. justice.
2. science.
3. art.
4. recreation.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 486

Skill: Applied

 

54) A survey of Canadian university students (2005) found what percentage of men and women accessed nude pictures online?

1. 95% men and 50% of women
2. 75% of men and 25% of women
3. 50% of men and 50% of women
4. 85% of men and 75% of women

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 487

Skill: Recall

 

55) Which statement is true regarding male or female reactions to pornography?

1. Very few women, and most men, are physiologically aroused by pornography.
2. Men are more aroused by depictions of oral sex than women.
3. Both women and men are physiologically aroused by pornography.
4. Women are more aroused by depictions of intercourse than of oral sex.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 488

Skill: Applied

 

56) A Canadian commission on prostitution and pornography found that exposure to pornography

1. increased the risk of committing a violent crime against women.
2. did not lead to crimes of violence or sexual offenses.
3. led to sexual offenses such as exhibitionism and voyeurism.
4. increased the risk of committing a sexual assault.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Applied

 

57) Which position on pornography argues that access to SEM is a matter of individual liberty and free expression?

1. conservative position
2. Libertarian position
3. pro-pornography feminist approach
4. liberal position

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 483-484

Skill: Applied

 

58) Research investigating links between pornography and violence or sexual aggression has generally concluded that

1. pornography increases sexual aggression in men but not women.
2. the use of pornography with violent themes causes men to commit more crimes.
3. more aggressive men are drawn to violent pornography.
4. there is no correlation between pornography and violence in any subgroups of men studied.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Applied

 

59) A variety of research on exposure of men to violent pornography has concluded that

1. exposure to violent pornography does not lead to any attitudinal changes.
2. exposure to violent pornography leads men to become more accepting of sexual assault myths.
3. exposure to violence, not necessarily pornography, reinforces negative attitudes towards women.
4. exposure to violent pornography actually decreased arousal among men.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Applied

 

60) Pro-pornography feminists believe that pornography can promote greater

1. gender expression.
2. sexual freedom.
3. sexual satisfaction.
4. gender equality.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 484

Skill: Applied

 

61) Some research suggests that repeated exposure to non-violent pornography

1. decreases male aggression towards women.
2. affects attitudes towards traditional sexual and family values.
3. increases acceptance of sexual assault myths in both men and women.
4. results in more extramarital affairs.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 492

Skill: Applied

 

62) Brown (2003) argues that prolonged exposure to pornography might foster

1. dissatisfaction with the physical appearance of one’s partner.
2. attitudes of disrespect for one’s partner.
3. acceptance of marital sexual assault.
4. greater sexual satisfaction with one’s intimate partner.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 492

Skill: Recall

 

63) At least _______ of internet visits involve sexually oriented content.

1. one-third
2. one-half
3. three-quarters
4. one-quarter

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 490

Skill: Applied

 

64) For each of the following decisions regarding commercial sex, match the description with the correct title/name.

 

65) Prostitution is illegal in Canada.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 3

Type: TF

Page Reference: 469

Skill: Recall

 

66) In Victorian England, prostitution was widely regarded as a necessary outlet for men to satisfy their sexual appetites.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 3

Type: TF

Page Reference: 469

Skill: Recall

 

67) In a Compass poll (1998) of Canadians, people in their twenties were more accepting of prostitution than older Canadians..

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 473

Skill: Recall

 

68) Not all advertised massage and escort services are fronts for prostitution.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 474

Skill: Applied

 

69) Massage parlour workers occupy the bottom rung in the hierarchy of sex work.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 473-474

Skill: Recall

 

70) Prostitutes are rarely physically abused by their pimps.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 473

Skill: Applied

 

71) Massage parlours escape prosecution if they do not offer sexual services that include penetration and oral sex.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 474

Skill: Applied

 

72) Hustlers typically are not attached to a pimp; they generally make contacts with clients in gay bars and social clubs or by working the streets.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 479

Skill: Applied

 

73) Massage parlours can be a front for sex work.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 474

Skill: Recall

 

74) The trafficking of young boys and girls for sexual exploitation is a major component of the global business of human trafficking.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 475

Skill: Recall

 

75) The exchange of sex for money violates the Criminal Code of Canada.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 475

Skill: Recall

 

76) Most sex workers tend to come from similar backgrounds.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 476

Skill: Recall

 

77) Typical customers of prostitutes have difficulty forming sexual relationships with other women.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 477

Skill: Recall

 

78) Some men who are compulsive users of prostitutes suffer from a complex where they see women as either sinners or saints.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 478

Skill: Recall

 

79) Stripping is not considered to be a type of sex work.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 481

Skill: Recall

 

80) Cybersex compulsives are likened to drug addicts in the text.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 490

Skill: Conceptual, Recall

 

81) The Fraser Commission Report concluded that the available evidence did not support the belief that pornography leads to such antisocial behavior as violent crime.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Recall

 

82) Researchers have found that both men and women are physiologically aroused by sexually explicit material.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 488

Skill: Recall

 

83) Research has not proven conclusively that there is a link between men’s use of pornography and violent sexual behaviour.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Recall

 

84) The Supreme Court of Canada provides provincial film censorship boards with clear definitions of what is deemed obscene.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 483, 485-486

Skill: Recall

 

85) Fifty percent of Canadians believe that some aspects of prostitution that are currently illegal should be legalized.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 472

Skill: Recall

 

86) Studies indicate that convicted child sex offenders who view violent pornography are more likely to reoffend.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Recall

 

87) Research has shown that exposing men to sexually explicit material causes men to become more accepting of sexual assault myths.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 492

Skill: Recall

 

88) Research shows that the sexual explicitness in violent SEM reinforces the sexual behaviour of sex offenders.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 491

Skill: Recall

 

89) Repeated exposure to non-violent SEM has little impact on an individual’s attitudes towards relationships and sexual values.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference:

492Skill: Recall

 

90) Identify and discuss five of the most common motives for engaging in sexual activity with sex worker.

 

Answer:

– sex without negotiation; sex without emotional commitment; sex for eroticism and variety; prostitution as a social outlet; sex away from home; difficulty attracting a partner

 

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 478

Skill: Conceptual

 

91) Discuss several factors that may lead to the decision to engage in sex work.

 

Answer:

– homelessness, poverty, sexual abuse, runaway

– good pay (escorts, strippers), control over work

– no one factor that leads women to sex work

– male sex workers have similar reasons for engaging in sex work; research with male sex workers also mentions substance abuse, sexual abuse

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 476, 479

Skill: Conceptual

 

92) Distinguish between pornography, obscenity, and erotica. Give examples of each.

 

Answer:

– pornography: written, visual, or audiotaped material that is sexually explicit and produced for the purposes of eliciting or enhancing sexual arousal; negative connotation and associated with SEM that is violent and/or degrading

– obscenity: that which offends people’s feelings or goes beyond prevailing standards of decency or modesty

– erotica: SEM that did not involve violence or degradation against women

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 482

Skill: Conceptual

 

93) Discuss the difficulties involved in censorship of photos, such as the one presented on the cover of Echo magazine (World of Diversity. Should this photo be censored?).

 

Answer:

– opinion

– difficult to define what is obscene or offensive; how to define community standards

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 483

Skill: Conceptual

 

94) Discuss the Butler case and the outcomes regarding law that resulted from this case.

 

Answer:

– Butler: Winnipeg store that sold sexually explicit videos; he argued that he had a right according to the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.

– Outcome: three categories for obscenity. First involves material that mixes sex with violence and/or includes children; second includes material that involves sex and degradation and is seen as thus encouraging violence or harm to women; third involves SEM that is considered nonviolent and not degrading to women and does not include children (not seen as obscene)

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 484-485

Skill: Conceptual

 

95) Give four examples of advertisements you recently encountered that use sex to sell. Evaluate these ads in terms of how women and/or men were portrayed or utilized.

 

Answer:

– beer ads, perfume ads, alcohol ads, fitness ads, food ads, clothing ads

 

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: n/a

Skill: Conceptual