Gender identity and gender roles -Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity – Rathus – Chapter 5

---

 

Download  file with the answers

Not a member!
Create a FREE account here to get access and download this file with answers

---

 

1) Sexual differentiation means

1. the process by which males and females develop distinct reproductive anatomy.
2. the complex behaviour patterns deemed masculine or feminine in a particular culture.
3. differences in the preconceptions held regarding men and women.
4. the process by which children distinguish between expectations of girls and of boys.

 

2) A fertilized ovum is called a

1. formation.
2. zygote.
3. embryo.
4. fetus.

 

3) In the fertilization process, chromosomes from each parent combine to form

1. 23 chromosomes.
2. 23 pairs of chromosomes.
3. 46 pairs of chromosomes.
4. 92 chromosomes.

 

4) During the first six weeks of development, embryonic structures of both genders resemble:

1. primitive male structures.
2. primitive female structures.
3. both male and female structures.
4. neither male nor female structures.

 

5) Sexual differentiation of gonads, genital ducts, and external genitals begins about

1. seven weeks after conception.
2. nine weeks after conception.
3. twelve weeks after conception.
4. fifteen weeks after conception.

 

6) The twenty-third pair of chromosomes determines

1. sex.
2. eye colour.
3. height.
4. weight.

 

7) An embryo at five to six weeks is, on average,

1. 1/2 to 1 cm long.
2. 1 to 2 cm long.
3. 1/8 cm long.
4. 2 to 3 cm long.

 

8) The basic blueprint of the human embryo is

1. male.
2. neither male nor female.
3. female.
4. both male and female.

 

9) Which of the following statements is true?

1. The “natural course” of embryonic development is male.
2. The absence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from male to female.
3. The presence of only one X chromosome, instead of two, will result in a male fetus.
4. The presence of a Y chromosome alters the developmental course from female to male.

 

10) If it weren’t for ________, we would all develop__________

1. androgens; female external organs.
2. estrogen; male external organs.
3. progesterone; female external organs.
4. FSH; male external organs.

 

11) In male sexual differentiation, each Wolffian duct differentiates into

1. the penis.
2. an epididymus, vas deferens, and seminal vesicle.
3. each of the two testes.
4. the scrotum.

 

12) Differentiation of fetal tissues into external male genitals occurs under the influence of

1. testosterone.
2. Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS).
3. H-Y antigen.
4. dihydrotestosterone (DHT).

 

13) In female sexual differentiation, which statement is correct?

1. The Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the uterus, and the upper two-thirds of the vagina.
2. The Mullerian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes and the Wolffian ducts develop into the uterus.
3. The Mullerian ducts degenerate and the Wolffian ducts develop into the labia majora, labia minora, and the vaginal opening.
4. The Wolffian ducts develop into the fallopian tubes, the ovaries, and the vagina.

 

14) In males, the testes develop in the

1. scrotal sac.
2. inguinal canal.
3. abdominal cavity.
4. vas deferens.

15) About four months after conception, the testes normally descend into the scrotal sac through the

1. inguinal canal.
2. seminal vesicle.
3. Müllerian ducts.
4. vas dererens.

 

16) Testosterone is a type of

1. gonad.
2. androgen.
3. gene.
4. chromosome.

 

17) Males that are born with an extra X chromosome are said to have

1. Turner’s syndrome.
2. Down’s syndrome.
3. cryptorchidism.
4. Klinefelter’s syndrome.

 

18) Failure of the testes to descend is called

1. Klinefelter’s syndrome.
2. Turner’s syndrome.
3. pseudo hermaphroditism.
4. cryptorchidism.

 

19) Enrico has a genetic condition that has rendered him infertile because he cannot produce any sperm. In addition, he exhibits mild mental retardation and poor motor coordination. Enrico most likely suffers from

1. Turner’s syndrome.
2. Klinefelter’s syndrome.
3. androgen-insensitivity syndrome.
4. androgenital syndrome.

 

20) Turner’s syndrome

1. occurs when a male has an extra X chromosome.
2. occurs when a genetic (XX) female possesses masculinized external genitals.
3. occurs when a female has one rather than two X chromosomes.
4. occurs when a male possesses an extra Y chromosome.

 

21) In the absence of testosterone, the hypothalamus of a female fetus develops sensitivity to

1. androgens.
2. Müllerian-inhibiting substance.
3. FSH.
4. estrogen.

 

22) The psychological awareness of being male or female is referred to as

1. sex assignment.
2. sex-role adoption.
3. gender differentiation.
4. gender identity.

 

23) Most children acquire a firm sense of gender identity by the age of

1. one.
2. two.
3. three.
4. four.

 

24) Hermaphroditism describes an individual who

1. has a genetic pattern of either XXY or XYY.
2. is a genetic (XX) female with masculinized external genitals.
3. has both ovarian and testicular tissue.
4. is a genetic male (XY) with feminized external genitals.

 

25) Erica was born with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. She has female internal organs but a clitoris so enlarged it resembles a small penis. What is the cause of her masculinized external genitals?

1. excessive levels of androgens
2. a higher-than-normal sensitivity to androgens
3. a lower-than-normal sensitivity to estrogens
4. excessive production of estrogen and progesterone

 

26) Which of the following is a genetic enzyme disorder preventing masculinization of the external genitals?

1. Dominican Republic syndrome
2. Klinefelter’s syndrome
3. Turner’s syndrome
4. androgen-insensitivity syndrome

 

27) Research on gender identity disorders among children indicates that

1. cross-gendered behaviour is more accepted among boys than girls.
2. cross-gendered behaviour is more accepted among girls than boys.
3. Cross-gendered behaviour is extremely rare before puberty.
4. Cross-gendered behaviour is primarily influenced by psychological factors.

 

28) Transsexuals are also called

1. transposed people.
2. transgendered people.
3. transassociated people.
4. transfigured people.

 

29) People with a sense of disconnect between their anatomic sex and their gender identity are said to experience

1. gender aphasia.
2. transsexualism.
3. transgenderism.
4. gender dysphoria.

 

30) Zucker (2002), one of Canada’s leading researchers on gender identity, suggests that the preferred term used to encompass all the different types of syndromes characterized by some abnormality or anomaly in physical sex differentiation is

1. transsexualism.
2. gender dysphoria.
3. transgenderism.
4. intersexuality.

 

31) Which of the following statements is true regarding transsexuals?

1. They are attracted to members of their own sex and regard themselves as homosexual.
2. Transsexuals vary in their sexual orientations.
3. They are attracted to members of the opposite sex.
4. Most are aware of their transsexual feelings early in childhood.

 

32) According to the text, transsexuals usually

1. show cross-gender preferences in play and dress early in childhood.
2. have very rigid notions of gender and the behaviours associated with gender.
3. are aware of their transsexual feelings very early in childhood.
4. do not show cross-gender preferences in play or dress until adolescence.

 

33) According to psychoanalytic theory, appropriate gender typing occurs when

1. the Oedipus complex is resolved.
2. a child enters the Electra stage.
3. the psychosexual stage is completed.
4. a child enters adolescence.

 

34) The concept of “third gender” or “third sex” refers to

1. individuals who are considered neither male nor female.
2. individuals who undergo sex reassignment surgery.
3. cross-dressers.
4. transsexuals.

 

35) Which is true regarding sex-reassignment surgery for female to male reassignment?

1. Many FTM individuals do not bother to have phalloplasty.
2. The ovaries are removed but the uterus and vagina are kept intact.
3. An artificial penis is constructed that can become naturally erect.
4. The uterus and breasts are removed but the ovaries are kept intact.

 

36) According to research by Smith et al. (2005), most reports of postoperative adjustment of transsexuals

1. indicate that many regret their decisions.
2. indicate that individuals are no happier than they were prior to surgery.
3. indicate that most were content with the results of their surgeries.
4. indicate that many experience psychological problems.

 

37) In a study of 326 Dutch candidates for sex reassignment surgery, of 222 receiving hormone treatment, ______ dropped out before surgery.

1. about 90%
2. 64%
3. 15%
4. none

 

38) Which statement is true regarding postoperative adjustment for transsexuals?

1. Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for male-to-female transsexuals.
2. Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for female-to-male transsexuals.
3. Postoperative adjustment does not differ between male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals.
4. Postoperative adjustment is more favourable for younger transsexuals.

 

39) Gender roles can be described as

1. developmentally appropriate male and female behaviour.
2. culturally determined expectations for male and female behaviour.
3. biologically determined male and female behaviour.
4. male and female sexual roles.

 

40) Cryptorchidism is

1. a condition characterized by a lack of testosterone in males.
2. a condition characterized by undescended testes
3. a condition wherein an individual possesses both ovarian and testicular tissue.
4. a condition characterized by an enlarged clitoris.

 

41) According to Aaron Devor, the final stage through which female–to-male transsexuals progress is

1. integration.
2. identity acceptance.
3. identity pride.
4. discovery.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 135

Skill: Recall

 

42) A man who is sexually stimulated by fantasies that his body is female is

1. autogynephilic.
2. gender dysphoric.
3. transsexual.
4. phallophobic.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 132

Skill: Recall

 

43) The prejudgment that a person will possess certain traits because of their gender is called

1. gender typing.
2. sexism.
3. gender role assignment.
4. gender misconception.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 137

Skill: Recall

 

44) Mario sees women as incapable of making intellectual decisions and believes that their emotions will always cause them to buckle under pressure. Mario’s ideas regarding women exemplify

1. gender identity.
2. gender roles.
3. sexism.
4. machismo.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 137-138

Skill: Applied

 

45) Children become aware of gender role stereotypes

1. by the age of two to three.
2. by the age of four to six.
3. as early as 10 to 12 months.
4. by the age of 12 to 18 months.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

46) Research suggests that males are slightly better than females at

1. verbal proble-solving skills.
2. visual–spatial abilities.
3. mathematics.
4. sports.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Recall

 

47) The view that stereotypical gender roles reflect a natural order to things is central to

1. the psychoanalytic theory.
2. the evolutionary perspective.
3. the social-cognitive theory.
4. the gender-schema theory.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 139-142

Skill: Recall

 

48) According to Canadian feminist Marlene Mackie, which statement is true regarding feminism?

1. Feminism is one homogeneous movment.
2. Feminism has three major dimensions.
3. Feminism is on the decline.
4. Feminism acts as a barrier to true gender equality.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 138

Skill: Recall

 

49) Which statement would be disputed by critics of the evolutionary theory?

1. Men are better suited for hunting because of upper body strength.
2. Women are better suited for child care since they are more nurturing and empathetic than men.
3. Prenatal sex hormones may predispose men to be more aggressive than women.
4. Girls are encouraged to imitate caretaking behavior at an early age

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 139-141

Skill: Applied

 

50) The rate of female aggression has ____ in recent years.

1. been similar to that of men
2. increased
3. caused many deaths
4. stayed constant

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 138

Skill: Recall

 

51) According to research, infants as early as three to eight months

1. indicate a preference for female faces.
2. indicate a preference for female voices.
3. show gender-typed visual preferences .
4. are aware of gender roles.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

52) According to the ________ perspective, the story of the survival of our ancient ancestors is etched in our genes.

1. biological
2. evolutionary
3. psychological
4. social-learning

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 139

Skill: Applied

 

53) Research on heterosexual behaviours indicates that

1. men are much more likely to have engaged in oral sex.
2. differences in the numbers of men and women who have engaged in oral sex are small.
3. men are much more sexually permissive than women.
4. men report many more lifetime sexual partners than women.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 143-146

Skill: Applied

 

54) Gender typing is

1. education and legislation on gender.
2. how children interact with others.
3. the process by which children acquire behaviour that is deemed appropriate to their gender.
4. all of the above.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 139

Skill: Recall

 

55) According to research, at what age do most women report higher levels of sexual desire?

1. 30–34 years
2. 20–25 years
3. 39–45 years
4. 17–21 years

 

Answer: a

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 148

Skill: Applied

 

56) In a study of 27,000 men that analyzed characteristics of masculinity, men place the highest value on being

1. self-reliant and respectful.
2. successful and sexually active.
3. empathetic and attractive.
4. attractive and sexually active.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 149

Skill: Recall

 

57) The model of psychological androgyny has been criticized by some feminist writers because it

1. stereotypes masculine and feminine sex roles.
2. perpetuates masculine and feminine gender roles.
3. excludes the concept of bisexuality.
4. does not address gender inequity issues.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 150

Skill: Applied

 

58) Dr. Jameson believes that males are better suited to hunting because of physical attributes such as greater upper-body strength. He further believes that this attribute was selected to increase survival. What perspective is Dr. Jameson advocating?

1. biological
2. evolutionary
3. cross-cultural
4. psychological

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 139

Skill: Applied

 

59) Prenatal sexual differentiation of the brain may explain why

1. females have a larger right hemisphere and are more verbal.
2. males have a larger left-hemisphere and are superior at visual–spatial tasks.
3. females have a larger hypothalamic region than males.
4. males have more growth in the right hemisphere than in the left.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

60) According to Freud, gender typing is best explained in terms of

1. the oral stage of psychosexual development.
2. identification with the same-gender parent.
3. the modelling of sex-role behaviours children witness from parents.
4. socialization.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

61) Five-year-old Tyler came home one day wearing makeup. He and his five-year-old playmate Anna had been playing dress-up. His father was furious, ordered his son to immediately wash off the makeup, and would not allow Tyler to play with Anna again. What process is Tyler’s father using to teach gender-typing?

1. modelling
2. identification
3. observational learning
4. socialization

 

Answer: d

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 141

Skill: Applied

 

62) Cognitive-developmental theory entails a concept of

1. gender availability, gender stability, and gender identity.
2. gender constancy, gender stability, and gender identity.
3. gender constancy, gender flexibility, and gender identity.
4. gender constancy, gender comprehension, and gender identity.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Recall

 

63) Which of the following statements is true with regard to gender differences when considering higher education?

1. More men than women attend university.
2. There is a general decline in enrolment to universities for both genders.
3. Over half of students enrolled in university are women.
4. The number of women enrolled in university has remained steady since 1990.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 138

Skill: Applied

 

64) In Kohlberg’s cognitive-developmental theory, gender constancy

1. develops in most children by age seven or eight.
2. develops in most children by age three or four.
3. does not fully develop until adolescence.
4. does not develop until sexual maturity.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Recall

 

65) Julia is two years old. She knows that she is a girl, but she talks about growing up and being a daddy. She does not yet have an understanding of

1. gender identity.
2. gender stability.
3. gender constancy.
4. gender permanence.

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Conceptual, Applied

 

66) The complex cognitive network of ideas through which a child interprets and organizes information about gender is called a

1. sex role.
2. gender stereotype.
3. gender pattern.
4. gender schema.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Recall

 

67) Five-year-old Anika believes that girls do not play football, climb trees, or hit each other. Instead, girls play dress-up, draw, and like to dance. According to Sandra Bem, Anika

1. is sexually differentiated.
2. has a self-concept that is inconsistent with cultural views of femaleness.
3. has acquired a gender schema.
4. has low self-esteem.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 1

Type: MC

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Applied

 

68) A 2001 study of Canadian men and women regarding sexual freedom and gender found that

1. more men believe that women have greater sexual freedom.
2. more men believe that men have greater sexual freedom.
3. more men believe that sexual freedom is equal between men and women.
4. more women believe that women have greater sexual freedom.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 3

Type: MC

Page Reference: 147

Skill: Recall

 

69) Which region of the world has the highest percentage of men wanting more than one sexual partner?

1. South America
2. North America
3. Western Europe
4. Africa

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 145

Skill: Recall

 

70) The belief that “it is natural for men to sow their wild oats,” but that women who choose to do so are “nymphomaniacs,” is evidence of

1. a double standard.
2. a sexual schema.
3. gender differentiation.
4. a reverse double standard.

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 147

Skill: Recall

 

71) Research on the differences in sexual attitudes and behaviours between men and women has found that

1. Men are more accepting of masturbation than women.
2. Women enjoy casual sex more than men.
3. Men are more likely to view sexually explicit material on the internet than women.
4. Men are much more likely to have masturbated than women.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 146

Skill: Recall

 

72) It was widely believed in the ________ period that women were naturally asexual and “unbothered” by sexual desires.

1. Renaissance
2. Victorian
3. Colonial
4. Freudian

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 143

Skill: Recall

 

73) Women in their thirties and over who seek out younger men solely for sex are called

1. temptresses.
2. promiscuous.
3. maneaters.
4. cougars.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 149

Skill: Recall

 

74) Psychological androgyny is a term used to describe

1. males who display more feminine than masculine traits.
2. males and females who display high assertion and instrumental skills.
3. females who display more masculine than feminine traits.
4. males and females who display both masculine and feminine traits.

 

Answer: d

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 150

Skill: Recall

 

75) Research suggests that psychologically androgynous people are

1. less likely to experience sexual satisfaction than masculine men or feminine women.
2. more likely to be bisexual than masculine men or feminine women.
3. more comfortable with their sexuality than masculine men or feminine women.
4. more likely to experience low self-esteem than masculine men or feminine women.

 

Answer: c

Diff: 2

Type: MC

Page Reference: 150

Skill: Recall

 

76) Match the disorder with the correct description of its symptoms and/or cause.

 

77) The zygote, the beginning of a new human being, has no individuality from that of other zygotes.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 126

Skill: Applied

 

78) We would all develop female sexual organs if male sex hormones were not present during critical stages of prenatal development.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 128

Skill: Applied

 

79) Klinefelter’s syndrome is a disorder caused by an extra Y sex chromosome.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 128

Skill: Applied

 

80) Boys with Dominican Republic syndrome resembled girls at birth and were reared as females.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 130

Skill: Applied

 

81) Gender-reassignment surgery constructs the internal reproductive organs of the other gender.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 133

Skill: Applied

 

82) Zucker and his colleagues believe that society is now just as accepting of cross-gendering in boys as in girls.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 131

Skill: Applied

 

83) Gender roles are stereotypes because they evoke fixed expectations of men and women.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 137

Skill: Applied

 

84) Men are significantly more adept at spatial relations tasks than women.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

85) Biological views on gender typing tend to focus on the roles of genetics and prenatal influences in predisposing men and women to gender-linked behaviour patterns.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 139

Skill: Applied

 

86) Social cognitive theorists believe that behaviour is dictated by our genes.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 141

Skill: Applied

 

87) In males, testosterone spurs greater growth of the right hemisphere and slows the rate of growth of the left hemisphere.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

88) Freud believed that through identification with the same-gender parent, children adopt gender-typed behaviours typically associated with gender.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

89) Appropriate gender typing, in Freud’s view, requires that boys come to identify with their mothers and girls with their fathers.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 140

Skill: Applied

 

90) In interactions with infants, fathers handle boys and girls differently.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 141

Skill: Applied

 

91) Schools play an influential role in gender socialization.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 141

Skill: Applied

 

92) Research indicates that most parents adopt rigid views of gender roles with young children.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 141

Skill: Applied

 

93) Lawrence Kohlberg claims that gender typing is the product of environmental influences, and thus children do not play an active role.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Applied

 

94) The concept of gender stability is the recognition that people retain their genders for a lifetime.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Applied

 

95) Children who develop self-concepts that are consistent with the prominent gender schema of their culture have lower self-esteem.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 142

Skill: Applied

 

96) Girls do not pursue careers in science and technology because their spatial-relations abilities are not well developed.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: b

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 137-140

Skill: Applied

 

97) Both male and female adolescents indicate that girls are more likely to be negatively labelled by their peers for the same sexual behaviours for which boys are admired.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 1

Type: TF

Page Reference: 147

Skill: Applied

 

98) Some evidence shows psychologically androgynous men and women to be more comfortable with their sexuality than masculine men and feminine women.

1. True
2. False

 

Answer: a

Diff: 2

Type: TF

Page Reference: 150

Skill: Applied

 

99) Explain the prenatal sexual differentiation of a male. Include in your answer the roles of testosterone, Mullerian and Wolffian ducts, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS).

 

Answer:

– start as female; then with the Y chromosome and testosterone, they produce and develop epidiymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles from the Wolffian ducts

– DHT will cause growth of the external genitals; MIS prevents Mullerian ducts from developing the female duct system

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 126-128

Skill: Integrated

 

100) Explain the prenatal sexual differentiation of a female. Include in your answer the roles of androgens, and the Wolffian and Mullerian ducts.

 

Answer:

– Without androgens, the Mullerian ducts turn into the female reproductive system, and the Wolffian ducts do not turn into the male duct system.

 

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 126-128

Skill: Integrated

 

101) Differentiate between Klinefelter’s syndrome, Turner’s syndrome, androgen-insensitivity syndrome, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia in terms of causes and effects.

 

Answer:

– Klinefelter’s: extra X; failure to develop appropriate secondary sex characteristics

-Turner’s: one less X; lack of puberty

– AIS: lower than normal prenatal androgen sensitivity; genitals do not become normally masculinized

– CAH: too much androgen/receptiveness to the androgens; genetic female has masculinized external genitalia

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 128-130

Skill: Integrated

 

102) Discuss the causes and effects of Dominican Republic syndrome. Defend your position as to whether you would live as a male or female if you had this condition.

 

Answer:

– genetic enzyme disorder that prevents testosterone from masculinizing external genitalia

– poorly formed scrotums, small penises resembling clitorises

– boys with this syndrome resembled girls at birth and were reared as females

– with the production of testosterone at puberty these problems are corrected with the increased production of androgens

– of 18 boys reared as girls, 17 assumed male gender identities

Diff: 3

Type: ES

Page Reference: 130-131

Skill: Integrated/Conceptual

 

103) Explain the psychological and physical processes involved in gender-reassignment surgery.

 

Answer:

– Those seeking gender reassignment surgery usually live openly as members of the other sex for extended trial periods of time before surgery.

– Hormone therapy is begun prior to surgical intervention; surgical processes may include phonosurgery, phalloplasty, hysterectomies, mastectomies.

– Transsexuals experience societal and personal pressures, but the majority of transsexuals report positive post-surgery experiences.

– More positive post-surgery adjustments occur for female to male transsexuals; society tends to be more accepting of women who transition to men.

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 133-136

Skill: Integrated

 

104) Identify several gender stereotypes and discuss the impact of those stereotypes on both men and women.

 

Answer:

– Woman are said to be pushy rather than assertive, indecisive rather than flexible.

– Women are assumed to be more emotional and less logical than men.

– Men are more likely to express anger and pride.

– Stereotypes affect how parents treat their children, how students are treated in school, how men and women are treated in the workforce.

– Stereotypes might affect educational and career choices and affect interpersonal relationships.

 

Diff: 1

Type: ES

Page Reference: 137-146

Skill: Conceptual

 

105) Does research support the existence of a sexual double standard? What is your personal view on whether or not a double standard exists?

 

Answer:

– Research indicates that women tend to be more harshly judged for sexual behaviour that is tolerated, or admired in men.

– Milhausen and Herold (2001) found that more women than men believed that men had greater sexual freedom than women.

– Most reported that they believed a double standard existed in Canada, but they personally endorsed a single double standard for both men and women.

– A Nova Scotia study found that all participants had observed or experienced a double standard during their adolescence.

 

 

Diff: 1

Type: ES

Page Reference: 146-147

Skill: Conceptual

 

106) Describe psychological androgyny. Would you prefer to have male, female, or both male and female attributes? Discuss the reasons for your choice.

 

Answer:

– a state characterized by possession of both stereotypical masculine traits and stereotypical feminine traits.

 

Diff: 2

Type: ES

Page Reference: 150

Skill: Conceptual